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Abstract Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is the second most diverse subfamily of Saturniidae with 300 species described in 30 genera from southern Canada to northern Argentina. Species of this subfamily are widely distributed in Southeast Brazil, with many endemics to the Cerrado, and important as indicators of ecosystem quality. Specimens of Ceratocampinae were collected in the Parque Estadual do Mirador, Maranhão state, Brazil. Adeloneivaia acuta (Schaus, 1896), Adeloneivaia schubarti Barros & O. Mielke, 1970, Eacles penelope (Cramer, 1775) and Megaceresa pulchra (Bouvier, 1923) are recorded for the first time in Maranhão state and Northeast Brazil and Eacles fairchildi May & Oiticica, 1941, only for Maranhão. The record of five Ceratocampinae (Saturniidae) species increases the knowledge on the diversity and the importance of preserving those of this subfamily in the Cerrado biome of Maranhão state and the Northeast region of Brazil.
Resumo Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) é a segunda subfamília mais diversa de Saturniidae com 300 espécies descritas em 30 gêneros do sul do Canadá ao norte da Argentina. Espécies desta subfamília estão amplamente distribuídas no Sudeste do Brasil, com muitas endêmicas do Cerrado e importantes como indicadores da qualidade do ecossistema. Espécimes de Ceratocampinae foram coletados no Parque Estadual do Mirador, estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Adeloneivaia acuta (Schaus, 1896), Adeloneivaia schubarti Barros & O. Mielke, 1970, Eacles penelope (Cramer, 1775) e Megaceresa pulchra (Bouvier, 1923) são registradas pela primeira vez no estado do Maranhão e Nordeste do Brasil e Eacles fairchildi May & Oiticica, 1941 apenas para o Maranhão. O registro de cinco espécies de Ceratocampinae (Saturniidae) aumenta o conhecimento sobre a diversidade e a importância da preservação das espécies dessa subfamília no bioma Cerrado maranhense e na região Nordeste do Brasil.
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A new species Rhodorhipha dalyi sp. nov. from Peru (Tambopata river, Madre de Dios, Peru) is described and illustrated. The species is part of a complex of similar species related to R. subflammans (Rothschild).
Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie, Rhodorhipha dalyi sp. nov. de Perú (río Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Perú). La especie es parte de un complejo de especies similares relacionadas con R. subflammans (Rothschild).
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Abstract Studies have reported the presence of certain Plusiinae species in both natural and agricultural landscapes, but their turnover in association with agricultural activities remains unexplored. Aiming to understand how the assemblages of Plusiinae are structured by agricultural occupation and climate, this study used automated light traps sampled moths in 18 sites in Brazil, across a broad latitudinal gradient. Our data has demonstrated that climate variables prevails as the most important variables influencing both the composition of Plusiinae and the abundance of its dominant species Chrysodeixis includens. On the other hand, the lack of significance found for the effect of variables representing agricultural occupation evidences that pest species are present both in agricultural and natural ecosystems, also sharing similar abundances at those locations. In other words, instead of following a gradient of agricultural occupation (e.g. crop sizes around sample sites) the composition of these extremely polyphagous insects is more clearly shaped by the latitudinal gradient, in which temperature and precipitation are better predictors. Thus, in contrary to our expectations, pest species inhabits both natural and agricultural landscapes at similar latitudinal sites, probably due to their wide polyphagy spectrum. These results can be used in management and monitoring programs of pest species in South America, since the local abundance variation and species composition can be more reliable predicted by changes in climate conditions.
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ABSTRACT Although consisting of 53 described species, the New World genus Microcrambus Błeszyński contains many more undescribed species. This study aims to bring a small contribution to the knowledge on the diversity of Microcrambus based on the fauna of Colombia. A literature review of the known fauna of the country was performed and specimens were collected at light in 2018. Five species are recorded for the first time from Colombia, including two new species (M. arevaloi Landry and M. leticiensis Landry) from Leticia, Amazonas Department, described based on morphological and molecular data. The habitus of both sexes, as well as the genitalia are illustrated for the new species. The male genitalia of one Colombian specimen of Microcrambus elpenor Błeszyński are also illustrated as they were found to differ slightly with the drawing provided in the original description. A list of the eight species found to presently represent the known fauna of Microcrambus in Colombia is given, along with comments on their known distribution, including new country records.
RESUMEN Aunque ya consta de 53 especies, el género del Nuevo Mundo Microcrambus Błeszyński contiene muchas más especies sin describir. Este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una pequeña contribución al conocimiento sobre la diversidad de Microcrambus, basado en la fauna de Colombia. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura de la fauna conocida del país y se recolectaron especímenes con trampas de luz, en 2018. Se registran cinco especies por primera vez para Colombia, incluidas dos nuevas (M. arevaloi Landry y M. leticiensis Landry), de Leticia, Departamento de Amazonas, descritas con base a datos morfológicos y moleculares. El habitus de ambos sexos, así como los genitales, se ilustran para las nuevas especies. También, se ilustran los genitales masculinos de un espécimen colombiano de Microcrambus elpenor Błeszyński, ya que se halló que difieren ligeramente con el dibujo proporcionado en la descripción original. Se proporciona una lista de las ocho especies que, actualmente, representan la fauna conocida de Microcrambus en Colombia, junto con comentarios sobre sus distribuciones conocidas, incluidos nuevos registros para países.
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Abstract The plume moth genus Stenoptilia Hübner, [1825] (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) is recorded for the first time from Chile. Adults of Stenoptilia socoromaensis Vargas & Gielis sp. nov. from the northernmost part of the Chilean Andes are described and illustrated. The larvae of S. socoromaensis feed on buds, flowers and unripe fruits of the hemiparasitic plant Neobartsia peruviana (Walp.) Uribe-Convers & Tank (Orobanchaceae). Pairwise distances of a DNA barcode sequence of S. socoromaensis with congeneric species ranged from 9.1 to 12.6% (K2P).
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Abstract The Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina moths comprise 340 species in the neotropics. Here we provide a list of Arctiina, Callimorphina and Spilosomina species from the Brazilian Amazon. The list was produced from specimens deposited in the most important Brazilian collections and from literature data. We registered 17 species of Arctiina, two of Callimorphina and 16 of Spilosomina. The proportion of Brazilian Amazon Callimorphina (28.6%) and Arctiina (19.1%) in relation to Neotropical fauna were nearly to those found for other Arctiini subtribes in the Brazilian Amazon. However, the Spilosomina records were extremely low, corresponding to only 6.6% of the Neotropical species. Belém, Fonte Boa and Santarém were the municipalities with the highest number of registered species, with 14, 9 and 8, respectively. As this is the last article on the fauna of the Arctiini subtribes of the Brazilian Amazon, we summarize the main patterns observed for the tribe and identify the main knowledge gaps regarding this taxon.
Resumo As mariposas Arctiina, Callimorphina e Spilosomina totalizam 340 espécies na região Neotropical. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos uma lista das espécies de Arctiina, Callimorphina e Spilosomina que ocorrem na Amazônia brasileira. A lista foi produzida através de observação de espécimes depositados nas mais importantes coleções brasileiras e também através de dados da literatura. Foram registradas 17 espécies de Arctiina, duas de Callimorphina e 16 de Spilosomina. A proporção de Callimorphina (28,6%) e Arctiina (19,1%) em relação à fauna neotropical foi semelhante à encontrada para as outras subtribos de Arctiini da Amazônia brasileira. No entanto, os registros de Spilosomina foram extremamente baixos, correspondendo a apenas 6,6% das espécies neotropicais. Belém, Fonte Boa e Santarém foram os municípios com maior número de espécies registradas, com 14, 9 e 8, respectivamente. Como este é o último artigo sobre a fauna das subtribos de Arctiini da Amazônia brasileira, nós resumimos os principais padrões observados para a tribo e identificamos as principais lacunas de conhecimento sobre esse táxon.
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This study evaluated the seasonality of Sphingidae spp. in two areas of savannah, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, sampled for one year (June, 2014 through May, 2015) with the aid of Pennsylvania light traps placed at four sampling points. Data on fauna were obtained through the following parameters: abundance (N), richness (S), composition, Shannon diversity and uniformity indices (H and U), and the Berger-Parker (BP) dominance index. Richness estimates were calculated using Bootstrap, Chao1, ACE, Jackknife 1, and Jackknife2 estimators. The Pearson correlation was also used to analyze the effect of climatic variables such as rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity on richness and abundance. The result for the parameters analyzed during the entire sampling period was N= 374, S= 34, H= 2.59, U= 0.733 and BP= 0.235. The estimation of richness showed that between 63% and 87% of expected species were collected (Bootstrap estimated 39 species and Chao1 estimated 54). The most representative species were: Isognathus caricae (Linnaeus, 1758) (N= 88), Enyo lugubris lugubris (Linnaeus, 1771) (N= 58), Isognathus menechus (Boisduval, [1875]) (N= 46) and Cocytius duponchel (Poey, 1832) (N= 44), with 54% of the sample containing species considered rare divided into 298 male and 76 female specimens. For climatic variables, there was a moderate positive correlation only between abundance and temperature. The less-rainy period presented greater richness (S= 26) and abundance (N= 222), and the rainy period had better indices for H (2.55), U (8.01), and BP (0.230). The richness estimator Jackknife 2 was the best estimator in both sampling periods with 34 in the less-rainy period and 45 in the rainy period. The richness and abundance obtained in this study contribute significantly to the knowledge of Sphingidae fauna in an area of Amazonian savannahs.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Time Series Studies , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Lepidoptera/chemistryABSTRACT
Abstract Antispastis Meyrick, 1926 is a poorly known genus of leaf-mining micromoths endemic to the Neotropics, with still uncertain taxonomic position within the Yponomeutoidea. In the present study, the egg, larva and pupa of A. clarkei Pastrana, previously known only from Argentina, are described and illustrated with the aid of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Data on life history, including histology of the mine, are also provided. Family placement of the genus is reassessed based on comparison of morphology and DNA sequences with closely related lineages. The larvae form blotch mines on the upper surface of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) leaves, feeding on palisade parenchyma in all instars. Pupation occurs outside the mine, in an inverted basket-like, large-meshed cocoon constructed on the plant surface. DNA analysis of Cytochrome oxidase I gene of A. clarkei revealed interspecific differences averaging 10% with A. xylophragma, which provided species separation matching morphological differences. Antispastis was closely related phylogenetically to Digitivalva, clustering in the Acrolepiinae together with the genera Acrolepia and Acrolepiopsis, and ultimately placed within Glyphipterigidae. The geographical distribution of A. clarkei is expanded to the Southern Atlantic forest (Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná states, Brazil).
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Abstract: The Euchromiina moths comprise 735 species in the neotropics. Here we provide a list of Euchromiina species from the Brazilian Amazon. The list was produced from specimens deposited in the most important Brazilian collections and from literature data. Nearly 30% (219) of the neotropics Euchromiina species were recorded, including 13 new occurrences for the Brazilian Amazon. Santarém and Belém were the municipalities with the highest number of species records, with 96 and 74, respectively. Although the number of Euchromiina records is high in the Amazon, this value is underestimated because the fauna was never sampled in the vast majority of the biome. This is a worrying scenario because the Amazon has the world highest absolute rate of forest reduction. In order to suggest efficient conservation policies for the Amazon Arctiinae fauna, it is urgent to intensify the sampling effort in this biome.
Resumo: As mariposas Euchromiina compreendem 735 espécies na região Neotropical. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos uma lista das espécies de Euchromiina que ocorrem na Amazônia brasileira. A lista foi produzida através de observação de espécimes depositados nas mais importantes coleções brasileiras e também através de dados da literatura. Aproximadamente 30% (219) das espécies de Euchromiina que ocorrem na região Neotropical foram registradas, incluindo 13 novas ocorrências para a Amazônia brasileira. Santarém e Belém foram os municípios com maior número de espécies registradas, com 96 e 74, respectivamente. Embora o número de registros de Euchromiina seja considerado alto na Amazônia, este valor é subestimado visto que a fauna nunca foi amostrada na imensa maioria do bioma. Este cenário é preocupante, pois a Amazônia possui a maior taxa absoluta de redução florestal do mundo. A fim de podermos sugerir políticas de conservação eficientes para a fauna de Arctiinae da Amazônia, é urgente que se intensifique o esforço de coleta neste bioma.
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Abstract: The Ctenuchina moths comprise 874 New World species. Here we provide a list of Ctenuchina species from the Brazilian Amazon. The list was produced from specimens deposited in the most important Brazilian collections and from literature data. Nearly 31% (273) of the New World Ctenuchina species were recorded, including 28 new occurrences for the Brazilian Amazon. Santarém and Belém were the municipalities with the highest number of species records, with 139 and 88, respectively. The high number of Ctenuchina records in the Amazon is underestimated because this subtribe has never been sampled in the vast majority of the biome. This is a worrying scenario because the Amazon has the world highest absolute rate of forest reduction. To suggest efficient conservation policies for the Arctiinae fauna of Amazon, it is urgent to intensify the sampling effort in this biome.
Resumo: As mariposas Ctenuchina compreendem 874 espécies no Novo Mundo. Neste trabalho, nós apresentamos uma lista das espécies de Ctenuchina que ocorrem na Amazônia brasileira. A lista foi produzida através de observação de espécimes depositados nas mais importantes coleções brasileiras e também através de dados da literatura. Aproximadamente 31% (273) das espécies de Ctenuchina que ocorrem no Novo Mundo foram registradas, incluindo 28 novas ocorrências para a Amazônia brasileira. Santarém e Belém foram os municípios com maior número de espécies registradas, com 139 e 88, respectivamente. Embora o número de registros de Ctenuchina seja considerado alto na Amazônia, este valor é subestimado visto que a fauna nunca foi amostrada na imensa maioria do bioma. Este cenário é preocupante, pois a Amazônia possui a maior taxa absoluta de redução florestal do mundo. A fim de podermos sugerir políticas de conservação eficientes para a fauna de Arctiinae da Amazônia, é urgente que se intensifique o esforço de coleta neste bioma.
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ABSTRACT The Neotropical micromoth genus Leurocephala Davis & Mc Kay, 2011 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) was originally described to include only the type species, L. schinusae Davis & Mc Kay, 2011, whose leaf miner larvae are associated with Anacardiaceae in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. An integrative analysis including morphology, life history and DNA barcode sequences revealed that specimens collected on Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) in the coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile belong to a second species of this formerly monotypic genus. Adults of Leurocephala chilensis Vargas & Moreira sp. nov. are herein described and illustrated in association with the immature stages and life history, and corresponding phylogenetic relationships are assessed based on DNA barcode sequences. This finding provides the first record of Leurocephala from west of the Andes Range, expanding remarkably its geographic range. It is suggested that the extent of diversity within Leurocephala is much greater and that variation in geographic factors and host plant use may have modeled it, an evolutionary hypothesis that should be assessed in further studies.
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ABSTRACT Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) are commonly known by the leaf miner habit found in the larval stage of most species. By using worldwide, public databases on species diversity and DNA sequences available for extant gracillariid species, we determined changes in the rate of taxonomic species descriptions through time, mapped their spatial distributions, examined their phylogenetic diversification, and estimated the number of species yet to be described for the family in the Neotropics. We recovered 185 species, a number that is smaller than that found in any other biogeographic region. However, it was estimated that at least 3875 additional species remain to be described in the region. Phylogenetic diversification showed a pattern of expanding diversity. A few entomologists have been involved with gracillariid taxonomy in the Neotropics, having 39% of the species been described by a single taxonomist. In most of such cases, descriptions were based on the adults only. A few species have been described from biomes known to have some of the greatest diversity on earth, such as the Atlantic Forest. Thus, such a scenario results from low sampling and scarce taxonomic activity that has prevailed for this family of moths in the Neotropics. It may also be associated with their small body size and to the fact that gracillariids do not seem to be attracted to light traps as much as other moths, which make their collection and identification by non experts difficult. We also suggested scientific and political actions that could be adopted to overcome such an unfavorable scenario.
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This study describes the composition and distribution of the Arctiinae species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Rio de Janeiro, generating the first list of Arctiinae species in the state. We assessed the variations in species composition and the different vegetation types in the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected primarily through surveys of museums and publication lists of species. We also conducted field sampling in March and September 2010. Of the 2,077 records covering 28 municipalities, 679 Arctiinae species were found in Rio de Janeiro state and were divided into two tribes and 220 genera. The location with the highest number of species recorded was Itatiaia, with 362 species, followed by Petrópolis and Angra dos Reis, with 320 and 306 species, respectively. Thirty-four percent (n = 230) of the species recorded were exclusive, i.e., occurred in only one location. The lowest dissimilarity values were observed between neighboring municipalities with the same type of plant formation, such as Petrópolis and Teresópolis (19%) or Itatiaia and Resende (24%). Some municipalities slightly further apart geographically, but with the same type of plant formation, also showed low levels of dissimilarity, for example, Petropolis and Resende (29%). However, most locations showed intermediate dissimilarity values of 40-60%, and in some cases, this figure rose to 96%. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, irrespective of its small geographical size and the predominance of a unique ecosystem, the Atlantic Forest shows a wide variation in relief, which may explain the high beta diversity values. Despite the large number of Arctiinae species recorded in Rio de Janeiro, few species were identified in areas with important forest remnants, such as Guapimirim, Nova Iguaçu, and Campos dos Goitacazes. Some regions of the northwestern part of the state were also subsampled. It is likely that new records of Arctiinae still exist in these locations, further increasing the list of Arctiinae species in Rio de Janeiro.
Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a composição e distribuição de espécies de Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) no estado do Rio de Janeiro, gerando a primeira lista de espécies de Arctiinae para o estado. Avaliou-se também a variação na composição de espécies nos municípios e nas diferentes formações vegetais do estado. Os dados foram obtidos através de levantamentos em museus e de publicações de listas de espécies. Foram também realizadas coletas de campo nos meses de março e setembro de 2010. De um total de 2.077 registros, abrangendo 28 municípios, encontrou-se 679 espécies de Arctiinae para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, distribuídas em duas tribos e 220 gêneros. O município com o maior número de espécies foi Itatiaia, com 362 espécies, seguido de Petrópolis e Angra dos Reis, com 320 e 306 espécies, respectivamente. Trinta e quatro por cento (n = 230) das espécies de Arctiinae registradas tiveram distribuição exclusiva, ou seja, ocorreram em apenas uma localidade. Os menores valores de dissimilaridade foram observados entre municípios próximos e localizados sob o mesmo tipo de formação vegetal, como Petrópolis e Teresópolis (19%) ou Itatiaia e Resende (24%). Alguns municípios mais afastados geograficamente, mas ainda localizados sob o mesmo tipo de formação vegetal, apresentaram também baixos valores de dissimilaridade, como Petrópolis e Resende (29%), por exemplo. Entretanto, a maior parte dos municípios apresentou valores intermediários de dissimilaridade, entre 40 e 60%, e em alguns casos esse valor chegou até a 96%. O estado do Rio de Janeiro, mesmo com sua pequena dimensão geográfica e predomínio de um único ecossistema, a Mata Atlântica, apresenta uma grande variação no seu relevo, o que pode explicar alguns valores altos de diversidade beta. Apesar da grande quantidade de espécies de Arctiinae registrada para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram identificadas algumas localidades com remanescentes florestais importantes, como Guapimirim, Nova Iguaçu e Campos dos Goitacazes, e também algumas regiões do noroeste do estado ainda subamostradas. É bem provável que nessas localidades sejam encontrados novos registros de Arctiinae, aumentando ainda mais a lista de espécies de Arctiinae do estado do Rio de Janeiro.
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ABSTRACTMale, female, pupa, and last-instar larva of Palaeomystella beckeri (Moreira and Basilio) a new species from the Atlantic forest, southern Brazil, are described and illustrated with the aid of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Larvae induce galls on apical branches of Tibouchina trichopoda (DC.) Baill. (Melastomataceae) within which pupation occurs. Gall description and preliminary data on life history are also provided.
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El accidente por mariposa se le conoce como erucismo y lepidopterismo dependiendo del tipo de caso. Las familias de lepidópteros que tienen importancia sanitaria en Colombia son Megalopygidae, Arctiidae, Saturniidae y dentro de esta la subfamilia Hemileucinae es la que presenta los casos más graves con síndromes hemorrágicos graves, principalmente por las orugas del género Lonomia. Las larvas contienen enzimas que actúan sobre diferentes componentes, Lonomia actúa sobre el sistema hemostático provocando hemorragias que pueden conducir a la muerte. Son de especial atención los accidentes por Lonomia aquelonus (Saturniidae), que en los últimos años fue motivo de numerosos casos de erucismo en el sur de Colombia, algunos mortales. En los últimos años en Colombia se ha observado un aumento de casos de erucismo, pero el subregistro sigue siendo muy alto y el conocimiento de la temática es exiguo; en general, el grupo poblacional que más se ve afectado por los casos de erucismo son personas jóvenes de entre 15 y 45 años de edad, principalmente personas trabajadoras del campo. A causa del riesgo potencial que esto representa, sumado a la falta de conocimiento general sobre la patología que producen los venenos de Lepidoptera en humanos y en especial sobre la historia natural de las especies causantes de los envenenamientos, y de los aspectos eco-epidemiológicos, se pretende con este artículo contextualizar el impacto de estos animales venenosos en la salud de los Colombianos, dando valoración de conceptos y presentando fundamentos teóricos que aporten a esta temática.
The injuries caused by butterflies are known as lepidopterism and erucism depending on each case. The Lepidoptera families with the most public health importance in Colombia are Megalopygidae, Arctiidae, and Saturniidae and in this last one, the Hemileucinae subfamily presents the most serious cases with severe hemorrhagic syndromes, mainly because of caterpillars from the Lonomia genus. The larvae contain enzymes which act on different components; Lonomia aquelonus (Saturniidae) acts on the hemostatic system causing hemorrhage that can cause death. Accidents by Lonomia aquelonus (Saturniidae) deserve special attention since they have been the cause of numerous cases of erucism in southern Colombia, some of them fatal. An increased number of Lonomia cases have been observed in Colombia in recent years but the under-registration continues to be very high and the knowledge about the topic is meager; in general the population groups mostly affected by eurcism are young people between 15 and 45 years old, mainly farmworkers. Because of the potential risk this represents, added to the. general lack of knowledge about the pathology produced by poisons Lepidoptera in humans and specially about the natural history of the species causing poisoning and the eco-epidiomogical aspects, this article intends to contextualze the impact of these poisonous animals on the Colombian population health through concept assessment and presenting theoretical foundations that contribute to this issue.
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This study evaluated the nocturnal fauna of Noctuidae in a pasture area in Altamira, Pará. Samples were collected monthly for two nights at the new moon period, from August 2007 to July 2008. We collected a total of 345 specimens (N) of 66 species (S). The most abundant species were Ptichodes basilans (Guenée) (n = 87), Leucania jaliscana (Schaus), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (n = 28) and Argidia palmipes Guenée (n = 21). For the entire period, the following indexes were found: Shannon diversity H′= 3.20 and Brillouin H = 2.94, evenness of Shannon E′= 0.76 and Brillouin E= 0.76, and Berger-Parker dominance BP= 0.252. The greatest diversity was found in the dry season. According to the estimates of species richness, it is possible that between 14 to 72 more species exist in the region.
A diversidade de Noctuidae noturnos foi estudada em área de pastagem em Altamira, Pará. As coletas foram feitas com armadilha luminosa, mensalmente durante duas noites no período de lua nova, entre agosto de 2007 a julho de 2008. Foi coletado um total de 345 espécimes (N) de 66 espécies (S). As espécies mais abundantes foram Ptichodes basilans (Guenée) (n=87), Leucania jaliscana (Schaus), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (n=28) e Argidia palmipes Guenée (n=21). Para todo o período de estudo foram encontrados os seguintes índices: diversidade de Shannon H′= 3,20 e de Brillouin H= 2,94, uniformidade de Shannon E′= 0,76 e Brillouin E= 0,76, e dominância Berger-Parker BP= 0,252. A estação menos chuvosa apresentou maior diversidade. As estimativas de riqueza apresentaram a possibilidade de se encontrar entre 14 a 72 espécies a mais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Lepidoptera/classification , Brazil , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
Gorgona is a continental island at the Pacific coast of Colombia. For 26 years it was a prison but in 1986 it was declared a National Park, and the land was left aside for natural succession. This study presents a list of its Lepidoptera, compares it to a former study and discusses some ecological factors that could promote in situ biodiversity. Butterflies and moths were collected during three trips from October 2010 to May 2011. Butterfly observations were carried out along the main island paths. Baited traps using decomposed fruit, fish and chicken, were installed for three days at each zone (two kinds of bait per site) and sweep net catches were also made between 09:00h and 18:00h. For moths, black and white light traps were located in open areas. Town lights were also checked daily. Percent canopy cover was measured at each collection point. A total of 52 species belonging to seven families were found, of which 30 butterfly and 11 moth species are new records for the island. Cerro Trinidad and Sendero Chonta (22 and 20 species, respectively) were the richest places. Species richness did not decrease with canopy cover. Heliconious sara and Aeria eurimedia were the dominant species, but their distribution did not overlap. Three species were the most widely distributed in the island: H. sara (11 sites, 166 individuals), Calycopis cerata (10 sites, 71 individuals) and Ae. eurimedia (nine sites, 72 individuals). Catoblepia xanthicles occidentalis was found 87 years after the last report. Most species accumulation curves were not asymptotic suggesting that the diversity of the island is higher than expected. This study found twice as much the number of butterflies species reported for Gorgona and is the first record of moths for the island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 317-328. Epub 2014 February 01.
Gorgona es una isla ubicada en la costa Pacífica de Colombia. Durante 26 años fue una prisión, pero desde 1986 fue declarada Parque Nacional Natural, y desde entonces se encuentra en un proceso de sucesión natural. En este estudio se presenta una lista de los lepidópteros de isla Gorgona y se analizan algunos de los ecológicos que podrían promover la biodiversidad in situ de este grupo taxonómico. Se recolectaron mariposas y polillas durante tres viajes realizados entre octubre de 2010 y mayo de 2011. Las observaciones de las mariposas se realizaron a lo largo de los principales senderos de la isla. Se instalaron trampas cebadas con fruta, pescado y pollo descompuestos, durante tres días en cada zona de trabajo (dos tipos cebos por sitio) como también capturas con redes de entomológicas entre las 09:00h y 18:00h. En el muestreo de las polillas se utilizaron trampas de luz blanca y luz negra en zonas abiertas, la luz se reflejó sobre una pantalla blanca para maximizar la atracción. Además, se realizaron revisiones diarias en los alrededores de las luces artificiales del poblado. Se registró la cobertura del dosel del bosque en cada punto de muestreo. En total, se identificaron 52 especies pertenecientes a siete familias, de las cuales 31 de mariposa y 11 de polillas fueron nuevos registros para la isla. El Cerro Trinidad y el Sendero de la Chonta fueron los sitios de muestreo con mayor riqueza de especies (22 y 20, respectivamente). La riqueza de especies de mariposas no disminuyó con la reducción de la cobertura del dosel. Heliconious sara y Aeria eurimedia fueron las especies dominantes en número, pero su distribución no se superpuso. Tres especies fueron las más ampliamente distribuidas en la isla: H. sara (11 siitios, 166 individuos), Calycopis cerata (10 sitios y 71 individuos) y Ae . eurimedia (9 sitios y 72 individuos). Se reporta Catoblepia xanthicles occidentalis después de 87 años. La mayoría de las curvas de acumulación de especies no fueron asintóticas lo que sugiere que la diversidad de la isla es más alta de lo esperado. Este estudio contribuyó a incrementar en más del doble el listado de especies de mariposas reportadas para isla Gorgona y contiene los primeros registros de Polillas para esta localidad.
Subject(s)
Butterflies/classification , Lepidoptera/classification , Moths/classification , Species Specificity , ColombiaABSTRACT
This study evaluated the Arctiinae fauna of a pasture area in Altamira, Pará, eastern Amazon, using light traps. The moths were captured at every new moon phase, two nights per phase, from December 2008 to November 2010. We evaluated the following parameters: richness, abundance, dominance, constancy, diversity indexes and evenness (Shannon H' and E'; Brillouin H and E), and Berger-Parker dominance (BP). Richness estimates were made by nonparametric procedures: Bootstrap, Chao1, Chao2, Jackknife1, Jackknife2 and Michaelis-Mentem. We captured a total of 910 specimens belonging to 85 species of Arctiinae. Values of parameters for the total period were: H' = 2.58, E' = 0.581, H = 2.45, E = 0.576 and BP = 0.433. Both richness and abundance were higher in 2009-2010, while diversity and Shannon and Brillouin evenness were higher for the year 2008-2009. Estimators predicted an increase between 18.8% to 85.9% in species richness.
O presente estudo avaliou a fauna de Arctiinae numa área de pastagem na Amazônia Oriental em Altamira-Pará, por meio de armadilha luminosa, com duas capturas mensais noturnas a cada fase da lua nova, no período de dezembro de 2008 a novembro de 2010. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: riqueza, abundância, dominância, constância, índices de diversidade e uniformidade de Shannon (H' e E') e Brillouin (H e E), dominância de Berger-Parker (BP). As estimativas de riqueza foram feitas através dos procedimentos não paramétricos, "Bootstrap", "Chao1", "Chao2", "Jackknife1", "Jackknife2", e "Michaelis-Mentem". Foram capturados 910 exemplares pertencentes a 85 espécies de Arctiinae. Os valores dos parâmetros analisados para o período total foram: H'= 2,58, E'= 0,581, H= 2,45, E= 0,576 e BP= 0,433. Para os anos, tanto a riqueza quanto a abundância foi maior em 2009-2010. A diversidade e uniformidade de Shannon e Brillouin foram maiores para o ano de 2008-2009. Os estimadores previram um aumento entre 18,8% e 85,9 % na riqueza de espécies.
ABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou a fauna de Arctiinae em um fragmento de floresta primária em Altamira, Pará, na Amazônia Oriental brasileira. As mariposas foram amostradas durante dois anos (de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2009), com auxílio de armadilha luminosa. Foram medidos os seguintes parâmetros: riqueza, abundância, constância, índices de diversidade e uniformidade de Shannon (H' e E') e de Brillouin (H e E) e o índice de dominância de Berger-Parker (BP). As estimativas de riqueza, foram efetuadas através dos procedimentos não paramétricos, "Bootstrap", "Chao 1", "Chao 2", "Jackknife 1", "Jackknife2" e "Michaelis-Mentem". Foram capturados 466 exemplares pertencentes a 78 espécies de Arctiinae, das quais 12 são novos registros para o Estado. Os valores dos parâmetros analisados para todo o período foram: H'= 3,08, E'= 0,708, H= 2,86, E= 0,705 e BP= 0,294. As comunidades dos meses menos chuvosos foram mais diversas. Os estimadores previram o encontro de 17 a 253 espécies a mais.
This study evaluated the Arctiinae fauna in a fragment of primary forest in Altamira, Pará, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. The moths were sampled during two years (from August 2007 to July 2009) with a light trap. The following parameters were measured: richness, abundance, constancy, diversity and evenness indices (Shannon H 'and E') and Brillouin (H and E), and dominance index of Berger-Parker (BP). The richness estimatives were made by nonparametric procedures, Bootstrap, Chao 1, Chao 2, Jackknife 1, Jackknife2 and Michaelis-Mentem. Four hundred and sixty-six individuals of 78 species of Arctiinae were captured, of which twelve are new records for Pará State. Values of parameters analyzed for the entire period were: H '= 3.08, E' = 0.708, H = 2.86, E = 0.705, and Sp = 0.294. Communities of the less rainy months were more diverse. Estimators predicted an increase between 17 to 253 in species richness.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , MothsABSTRACT
There is much evidence to support that Mocis latipes larvae (Guenèe, 1852) are the most dangerous pasture pest and usually cause large environmental losses. However, no studies have been carried out to identify the instars during which this moth causes the most damage to the environment. Here we calculate M. latipes larval energy budget to assess its consumption across all instars and estimate the consumption/amount of plant biomass required to complete its larval development. Assimilation, respiration, consumption, excretion, gross growth efficiency and net growth efficiency were calculated. Pearson correlations were used to identify the best predictors that influenced larval growth and weight. Across all instars consumption increased exponentially, especially during the last phase. M. latipes larvae consumed ca 13.8 percent of total food from the first to the fifth instar, whereas during the sixth instars these larvae consumed ca 72.6 percent. Results also show that the best gross growth and net growth efficiency were obtained when larvae reached the fifth instar. The results also show that one larva of Mocis latipes consumes 1.02 g (dry weight) of Paspalum maritimum (Trin) in 19 days. Overall, our results indentified the sixth instar as the most destructive instar of this insect. Thus, once we know the most destructive instars of this pest, measures can be taken to disable M. latipes larval development and consequently stop their increase in plant consumption, reducing ecological and economic damage. This knowledge may eventually lead to reduced agricultural damage and contribute to sustainable farming strategies.
Inúmeras evidências indicam a larva de Mocis latipes (Guenèe, 1852) como uma das pragas de pastagem mais perigosas e que comumente causam grandes perdas ambientais. Entretanto, nenhum estudo foi feito para identificar qual a fase de desenvolvimento em que o dano ao ambiente é maior. Neste trabalho, nós calculamos o balanço energético larval de M. latipes para descobrir o consumo em cada instar e estimar o consumo requerido para completar o desenvolvimento larval. A assimilação, respiração, excreção, consumo e os coeficientes, bruto e líquido, do crescimento foram calculados. Correlações de Pearson foram usadas para identificar os preditores que mais influenciavam o crescimento da larva. Resultados indicaram que o consumo aumentou exponencialmente durante os instares, especialmente durante o último instar. Larvas de M. latipes consumiram aproximadamente 13,8 por cento do recurso alimentar total entre o primeiro e o quinto instar, enquanto que no sexto instar consumiram 72,6 por cento. Os resultados também indicaram que o consumo bruto e o consumo líquido foram maiores nos últimos instares. Também se verificou que apenas uma larva consumiu 1,02 g de Paspalum maritimum (Poaceae) em 19 dias. Em resumo, nossos resultados identificaram o sexto instar como o mais destrutivo. Uma vez que se conheça o instar mais destrutivo, medidas mais eficazes podem ser tomadas para inibir o desenvolvimento larval de M. Latipes e o crescimento significativo do seu consumo e, consequentemente, reduzir danos ao ambiente. Este conhecimento pode, eventualmente, contribuir para reduzir danos à agricultura e contribuir para seu desenvolvimento sustentável.